R＆A和USGA发布了关于应用规则10.2b(4)的说明
2019年2月6日，在苏格兰圣安德鲁斯和美国新泽西州自由角，R＆A和美国高尔夫球协会对规则10.2b（4）发布了两项有关约束球童站在球员身后规定的说明，并即时生效。
规则10.2的目的是加强击球的基本难度，并限制球员在赛事中可能获得的参照建议和其他协助。规则10.2b（4）就是确保瞄准预定目标是球手必须单独面对的挑战。
R＆A规则治理执行董事大卫·里克曼（David Rickman）说：“这些说明旨在改善规则的运作，并让球员有更多机会在遵守规则精神的同时，避免违规。我们意识到这需要部分球员和球童进行调整，但我们坚信大家普遍接受球员应该独自进行击球的瞄准。”
美国高尔夫球协会资深执行董事托马斯·佩戈尔说：“经验告诉我们，引入新规则要求我们心态平衡并在必要时果断采取行动。”“由于今年对规则进行了如此多的重大改变，在不会消除竞赛中固有挑战的前提下，为了使规则更容易理解和应用，我们已承诺愿意投入提供任何所需的帮助。我们感谢参与起草这些说明的每个人，他们都怀揣着这个一致的目标。”
以下是关于应用规则10.2b(4)的具体说明
（中英结合版）
“为了击球而开始采取站位”含义
Meaning of “Begins Taking a Stance for the Stroke”
规则10.2b（4）不允许球员的球童在他/她为了击球而开始采取站位时，出于任何原因故意地站在打球线在球后方的延长线或其附近的地方。“击球”指的是实际发生的该次击球。
Rule 10.2b(4) does not allow a player to have his or her caddie deliberately stand on or close to an extension of the line of play behind the ball for any reason when the player begins taking a stance for the stroke. Reference to “the stroke” means the stroke that is actually made.
当球员至少一只脚进入了站位的位置时，他/她就为实际发生的击球而开始采取了站位。
The player begins to take the stance for the stroke that is actually made when he or she has at least one foot in position for that stance.
如果球员从站位中退回，他/她不属于为了实际发生的击球而采取站位，规则10.2b（4）中的第二点不适用。
If a player backs away from the stance, he or she has not taken a stance for the stroke that is actually made, and the second bullet point in Rule 10.2b(4) does not apply.
因此，如果球员采取站位时他/她的球童故意地站在打球线在球后方的延长线或其附近的地方只要球员从站位中退回并且在球童离开该区域后再为实际发生的击球开始采取站位，将不受规则10.2b（4）的处罚。这适用于球场上的任何区域。
Therefore, if a player takes a stance when the caddie is deliberately standing on or close to an extension of the line of play behind the ball, there is no penalty under Rule 10.2b(4) if the player backs away from the stance and does not begin to take a stance for the stroke that is actually made until after the caddie has moved out of that location. This applies anywhere on the course.
退回指的是球员的双脚或身体不再处在球童对其瞄准目标线有帮助的位置。（2019年2月补充）
Backing away means that the player’s feet or body are no longer in a position where helpful guidance on aiming at the intended target line could be given. (Added 2/2019)
在球员为了击球而开始采取站位时，球童非故意站在球后方的例子
Examples of Caddie Not Deliberately Standing Behind Ball When Player Begins Taking Stance for Stroke
规则10.2b（4）不允许球员的球童在他/她为了击球而开始采取站位时，出于任何原因故意地站在打球线在球后方的延长线或其附近的地方。
Rule 10.2b(4) does not allow a player to have his or her caddie deliberately stand on or close to an extension of the line of play behind the ball for any reason when the player begins taking a stance for the stroke.
使用“故意”一词，需要球童意识到（1）球员为了击球而开始采取站位，并且（2）他/她站在了打球线在球后方的延长线上或其附近。
The use of the term “deliberately” requires the caddie to be aware that (1) the player is beginning to take a stance for the stroke to be played, and (2) he or she is standing on or close to an extension of the line of play behind the ball.
如果球童没有意识到这两个事实，则其行为被视为是非故意的，规则10.2b（4）不适用。
If the caddie is unaware of either of these two things, the caddie’s action is not deliberate and Rule 10.2b(4) does not apply.
球童非故意行为的例子包括：
Examples of when a caddie’s action is not considered to be deliberate include when:
- 球童正在耙沙坑或者为了维护球场而采取类似的行为，并且没有意识到自己正处于球员的打球线在球后方的延长线上或其附近。
- The caddie is raking a bunker or taking some similar action to care for the course and is not aware that he or she is doing so on or close to an extension of the line of play behind the ball.
- 击球后球停在了球洞附近，球员径直走上前将球轻敲进洞。在球员将球敲进洞期间球童没有意识到他/她站在球员的打球线在球后方的延长线上或其附近。
- The player makes a stroke and the ball comes to rest near the hole and the player walks up and taps the ball into the hole while the caddie is unaware he or she is standing on or close to an extension of the line of play behind the ball.
- 球童站在打球线在球后方的延长线上，但当球员为了采取站位开始移动，球童正侧过脸背对着球员或看向了另一个方向，并且没有意识到球员开始采取站位。
- The caddie is standing on an extension of the line of play behind the ball but, when the player moves in to begin taking a stance, the caddie is facing away from the player or looking in a different direction and is unaware the player has begun to take his or her stance.
- 球童正在执行一项任务（比如获取码数）并且没有意识到球员已经开始采取站位。
- The caddie is engaged in a task (such as obtaining a yardage) and is unaware that the player has begun to take the stance.
但是，在以上的例子中，当球童意识到球员已经为了击球而开始采取站位且自己站在了球员的打球线在球后方的延长线上或其附近时，球童需尽一切努力离开该区域。
But, in the examples given above, when the caddie becomes aware that the player has already begun to take a stance for the stroke to be played and he or she is standing on or close to an extension of the line of play behind the ball, the caddie needs to make every effort to move out of the way.
球童采用的与球员击球准备无关的常见行为，例如确认球员的球杆是否会打到树、球员是否受到球车道妨碍或者在球员击球前为球员打伞等行为，不被视为规则10.2b（4）中的故意行为。在通过这些行为帮助球员后，只要球童在球员击球前离开就没有处罚。
Common acts that caddies take unrelated to the player setting up to the ball, such as checking to see if a player’s club will hit a tree, whether the player has interference from a cart path or holding an umbrella over a player’s head before the stroke, are not treated as deliberate actions under Rule 10.2b(4). After helping the player with such an act, there is no penalty so long as the caddie moves away before the stroke is made.
如果球员或者球童试图避开规则10.2b(4)的主要目的，即确保瞄准预期目标是球员必须独自克服的挑战，那么球童的行为被视为是故意的。（2019年2月补充）
If either the player or caddie is attempting to circumvent the primary purpose of Rule
10.2b(4), which is to ensure that aiming at the intended target is a challenge that the player must overcome alone, the caddie’s actions are treated as being deliberate. (Added 2/2019)
（文章内容由R&A提供）
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